Curriculum Vitae

DR. MOHAMAD SHAFIQ BIN AZANAN

Senior Lecturer
  • Department of Paediatrics
    Faculty of Medicine
  • mohamadshafiq
  • 03-79496376

BIOGRAPHY

Dr Mohamad Shafiq is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree, majoring in Biotechnology, specializing in cellular, molecular, and developmental biology, from the University of Melbourne, Australia. He completed his Honours Year for a project on skeletal developmental disease at the Murdoch Children's Research Institute and the Royal Children Hospital, Melbourne. He then obtained his Ph.D. from Universiti Malaya in 2019 for his research on the role of immune derangements in the late effects of childhood cancer survivors. Currently his research topics involved haematology-oncology, ageing and paediatric research. He is also the consultants and collaborates in many projects that involved flow cytometry.

ACADEMIC QUALIFICATION

  • Doctoral Degree (PhD), (Pediatrik)
    Universiti Malaya (UM)
  • BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (DEGREE WITH HONOURS), (Biotechnology)
    University of Melbourne, Australia

MEMBERSHIPS

  • MEMBER OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF PAEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY, MEMBER
    2022 to 2023 (International)
  • INTERNATIONAL CLINICAL CYTOMETRY SOCIETY, MEMBER
    2021 to 2022 (International)
  • INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR ADVANCEMENT OF CYTOMETRY, MEMBER
    2021 to 2021 (International)

AWARD AND STEWARDSHIP

  • Best Poster
    Malaysian Society of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology, 2019 (National)
  • Best Overall Poster
    11th St. Jude-VIVA Forum in Paediatric Oncology, 2017 (International)
  • Best Overall Poster
    10th St. Jude-Viva Forum in Paediatric Oncology, 2016 (International)
  • UMSC Fund C.A.R.E Award - Short term training
    UMSC C.A.R.E, 2016 (University)
  • Best Poster
    Malaysian Society of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology - 20th Annual Scientific Meeting, 2015 (National)
  • Best Poster
    Malaysian Society of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology - 19th Annual Scientific Meeting, 2014 (National)

PUBLICATIONS

Article in Journal
WoS
  1. Al-Haroni, Hanan; Farid, Nik Daliana Nik; Azanan, Mohamad Shafiq (2024). Effectiveness of education intervention, with regards to physical activity level and a healthy diet, among Middle Eastern adolescents in Malaysia: A study protocol for a randomized control trial, based on a health belief model, PLOS ONE. 19(1). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0289937
  2. Bahar, Ainun Nadzurah Binti Md; Muhamad, Anis Najwa; Teh, Cindy Shuan Ju; Adnan, Mohamad Shafiq; Adam, Shah; Hng, Shih Ying; Eg, Kah Peng; Nathan, Anna Marie (2024). Prevalence of Bordetella pertussis among children aged 4 years and above presenting with acute respiratory tract infection: a cross-sectional study, PATHOGENS AND GLOBAL HEALTH. . doi:10.1080/20477724.2024.2400412
  3. Tan, Yee Ting; Azanan, Mohamad Shafiq; Hng, Shih Ying; Eg, Kah Peng; Jalaludin, Muhammad Yazid; Thong, Meow Keong; Tae, Sok Kun; Samingan, Nurshadia; Anuar, Azriyanti; Nathan, Anna Marie (2024). Long-term effect of growth hormone on sleep-disordered breathing in Malaysian children with Prader-Willi syndrome: a retrospective study, JOURNAL OF CLINICAL SLEEP MEDICINE. 20(8), 1291-1299. doi:10.5664/jcsm.11140
  4. Abdullah, Asmaa' Hazirah; Nathan, Anna Marie; Jayanath, Subhashini; Kwan, Zhenli; Azanan, Mohamad Shafiq; Hng, Shih Ying; Eg, Kah Peng; de Bruyne, Jessie A.; Leong, Kin Fon; Wee, Ai Leen; Ponnuthurai, Nirmala; Begum, Sabeera (2023). Poor sleep quality in children with atopic dermatitis and its effects on behavior: A multicenter cross-sectional study from a low-middle-income country, PEDIATRICS INTERNATIONAL. 65(1). doi:10.1111/ped.15473
  5. Chua, Ling L.; Azanan, Mohamad S.; Oh, Lixian; Ariffin, Hany (2023). Physical Inactivity as an Early Sign of Frailty in Young Adult Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC HEMATOLOGY ONCOLOGY. 45(5), E560-E566. doi:10.1097/MPH.0000000000002586
  6. Lai, Charles Dekun; Marret, Mary J.; Jayanath, Subhashini; Azanan, Mohamad Shafiq (2023). Abusive head trauma in infants: An observational single centre study comparing developmental and functional outcome between 18 months and 5 years, CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT. 145. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106434
  7. Oh, Lixian; Ab Rahman, Syaza; Dubinsky, Kailey; Azanan, Mohamad Shafiq; Ariffin, Hany (2023). Manipulating the Gut Microbiome as a Therapeutic Strategy to Mitigate Late Effects in Childhood Cancer Survivors, TECHNOLOGY IN CANCER RESEARCH & TREATMENT. 22. doi:10.1177/15330338221149799
  8. Chandrasekaran, S., Ramli, N., Ahmad, M. J., Effendi, I., Amir, N. N., Chow, R. C., . . . Kamalden, T. A. (2021). Premature Ocular Aging Features in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Survivors. Journal of Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology, 10(4), 425-431. doi: 10.1089/jayao.2020.0064
  9. Azanan, M. S., Chandrasekaran, S., Rosli, E. S., Chua, L. L., Oh, L., Chin, T. F., . . . Ariffin, H. (2020). Retinal Vessel Analysis as a Novel Screening Tool to Identify Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Survivors at Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. Journal of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, 42(6), E394-E400. doi: 10.1097/mph.0000000000001766
  10. Chew, N., Azhar, A. M. N., Bustam, A., Azanan, M. S., Wang, C., & Lum, L. C. S. (2020). Assessing dehydration status in dengue patients using urine colourimetry and mobile phone technology. PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 14(9), 12. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008562
  11. Chin, Tong Foh; Ibrahim, Kamariah; Thirunavakarasu, Tharshanadevasheri; Azanan, Mohamad Shafiq; Oh, Lixian; Lum, Su Han; Yap, Tsiao Yi; Ariffin, Hany (2018). Nonclonal Chromosomal Aberrations in Childhood Leukemid Survivors, FETAL AND PEDIATRIC PATHOLOGY. 37(4), 243-253. doi:10.1080/15513815.2018.1492054
  12. Ariffin, Hany; Azanan, Mohamad Shafiq; Abd Ghafar, Sayyidatul Syahirah; Oh, Lixian; Lau, Kee Hie; Thirunavakarasu, Tharshanadhevasheri; Sedan, Atiqah; Ibrahim, Kamariah; Chan, Adelyne; Chin, Tong Foh; Liew, Fong Fong; Jeyamogan, Shareni; Rosli, Erda Syerena; Baharudin, Rashidah; Yap, Tsiao Yi; Skinner, Roderick; Lum, Su Han; Hainaut, Pierre (2017). Young adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia show evidence of chronic inflammation and cellular aging, CANCER. 123(21), 4207-4214. doi:10.1002/cncr.30857
  13. Chua, Ling Ling; Rajasuriar, Reena; Azanan, Mohamad Shafiq; Abdullah, Noor Kamila; Tang, Mei San; Lee, Soo Ching; Woo, Yin Ling; Lim, Yvonne Ai Lian; Ariffin, Hany; Loke, P'ng (2017). Reduced microbial diversity in adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and microbial associations with increased immune activation, MICROBIOME. 5. doi:10.1186/s40168-017-0250-1
  14. Azanan, Mohamad Shafiq; Abdullah, Noor Kamila; Chua, Ling Ling; Lum, Su Han; Ghafar, Sayyidatul Syahirah Abdul; Kamarulzaman, Adeeba; Kamaruzzaman, Shahrul; Lewin, Sharon R.; Woo, Yin Ling; Ariffin, Hany; Rajasuriar, Reena (2016). Immunity in young adult survivors of childhood leukemia is similar to the elderly rather than age-matched controls: Role of cytomegalovirus, EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY. 46(7), 1715-1726. doi:10.1002/eji.201646356
  15. Azanan, Mohamad Shafiq; Abdullah, Noor Kamila; Chua, Ling Ling; Lum, Su Han; Ghafar, Sayyidatul Syahirah Abdul; Kamarulzaman, Adeeba; Kamaruzzaman, Shahrul; Lewin, Sharon R.; Woo, Yin Ling; Ariffin, Hany; Rajasuriar, Reena (2016). Immunity in young adult survivors of childhood leukemia is similar to the elderly rather than age-matched controls: Role of cytomegalovirus, EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY. 46(7), 1715-1726. doi:10.1002/eji.201646356
Scopus
  1. Al-Haroni H., Nik Farid N.D., Azanan M.S. (2024). Effectiveness of education intervention, with regards to physical activity level and a healthy diet, among Middle Eastern adolescents in Malaysia: A study protocol for a randomized control trial, based on a health belief model, PloS one. 19(1), e0289937. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0289937
  2. Khoo W.V., Jayanath S., Azanan M.S. (2024). A COMPARISON OF MOTOR AND VISUAL SKILLS IN YOUNG CHILDREN: AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER AND DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY, Journal of Health and Translational Medicine. 27(1), 79-87. doi:10.22452/jummec.vol27no1.12
  3. Tan Y.T., Azanan M.S., Hng S.Y., Eg K.P., Jalaludin M.Y., Thong M.K., Tae S.K., Samingan N., Anuar A., Nathan A.M. (2024). Long-term effect of growth hormone on sleep-disordered breathing in Malaysian children with Prader-Willi syndrome: a retrospective study, Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. 20(8), 1291-1299. doi:10.5664/jcsm.11140
  4. Abdullah A.H., Nathan A.M., Jayanath S., Kwan Z., Azanan M.S., Hng S.Y., Eg K.P., de Bruyne J.A., Leong K.F., Wee A.L., Ponnuthurai N., Begum S. (2023). Poor sleep quality in children with atopic dermatitis and its effects on behavior: A multicenter cross-sectional study from a low-middle-income country, Pediatrics international : official journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 65(1), e15473. doi:10.1111/ped.15473
  5. Chua L.L., Azanan M.S., Oh L., Ariffin H. (2023). Physical Inactivity as an Early Sign of Frailty in Young Adult Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 45(5), E560-E566. doi:10.1097/MPH.0000000000002586
  6. Lai C.D., Marret M.J., Jayanath S., Azanan M.S. (2023). Abusive head trauma in infants: An observational single centre study comparing developmental and functional outcome between 18 months and 5 years, Child Abuse and Neglect. 145. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106434
  7. Oh L., Ab Rahman S., Dubinsky K., Azanan M.S., Ariffin H. (2023). Manipulating the Gut Microbiome as a Therapeutic Strategy to Mitigate Late Effects in Childhood Cancer Survivors, Technology in Cancer Research and Treatment. 22. doi:10.1177/15330338221149799
  8. See J.K., Jayanath S., Azanan M.S. (2022). SCREEN TIME AND LANGUAGE DELAY IN CHILDREN: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN A SOUTHEAST ASIAN COUNTRY, Journal of Health and Translational Medicine. 25(2), 104-113. doi:10.22452/jummec.vol25no2.17
  9. Chandrasekaran, S., Ramli, N., Ahmad, M. J., Effendi, I., Amir, N. N., Chow, R. C., . . . Kamalden, T. A. (2021). Premature ocular aging features in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors. Journal of Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology, 10(4), 425-431. doi: 10.1089/jayao.2020.0064
  10. Azanan, M. S., Chandrasekaran, S., Rosli, E. S., Chua, L. L., Oh, L., Chin, T. F., . . . Ariffin, H. (2020). Retinal Vessel Analysis as a Novel Screening Tool to Identify Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Survivors at Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, 42(6), E394-E400. doi: 10.1097/MPH.0000000000001766
  11. Azanan M.S., Abdullah N.K., Chua L.L., Lum S.H., Abdul Ghafar S.S., Kamarulzaman A., Kamaruzzaman S., Lewin S.R., Woo Y.L., Ariffin H., Rajasuriar R. (2016). Immunity in young adult survivors of childhood leukemia is similar to the elderly rather than age-matched controls: Role of cytomegalovirus, European Journal of Immunology. 46(7), 1715-1726. doi:10.1002/eji.201646356
Others
  1. Chandrasekaran S, Ramli N, Jamaluddin Ahmad M, Effendi I, Amir NN, Chow RC, Chee CKL, Azanan MS, Abd Ghafar SS, Ariffin H, Kamalden TA. Premature Ocular Aging Features in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Survivors. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol. 2020 Sep 30. doi: 10.1089/jayao.2020.0064. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32996803.
  2. Chin TF, Ibrahim K, Thirunavakarasu T, et al. Nonclonal Chromosomal Aberrations in Childhood Leukemia Survivors. Fetal and Pediatric Pathology. 2018 Aug;37(4):243-253. DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2018.1492054.

RESEARCH PROJECT

National
  1. 2024 - 2027, Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS)
    Unraveling Hifs-p53 Isoforms-cancer Stem Cell Plasticity Axis In Response To Hypoxic Reprogramming In 3d Tumourspheres Of Hepatocellular Carcinoma ( Co-Researcher)
  2. 2017 - 2025, Geran Penyelidikan Universiti Malaya (UMRG Programme) - HTM (Wellness)
    Elucidating The Aetiology Of Second Cancers In Childhood Cancer Survivors ( Co-Researcher)
  3. 2019 - 2025, Others MOHE - Top 100 (IIRG)-HWB
    Improving Survival Quality Of Childhood Cancer Via Lifestyle Modifications ( Co-Researcher)
  4. 2021 - 2025, Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS)
    Mechanistic Insights Into Wild-type P53 Activity In Childhood Cancers, Using In Silico Prediction And In Vitro Modelling ( Co-Researcher)
  5. 2022 - 2025, Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS)
    Mitigation Of Accelerated Immunologic Ageing In Childhood Cancer Survivors By Increasing Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) Bioavailability For Sirtuin 1 Through CD38 Catalytic Inhibition ( Principal Investigator(PI))
  6. 2023 - 2025, Bantuan Khas Penyelidikan (BKP Special)
    Biomarkers for Early Identification of Preterm Newborns at Risk for Cerebral Palsy and Neurodevelopmental Delay: The PRIMED Study (PeRinatal InflamMation and nEuro Development) ( Co-Researcher)
  7. 2021 - 2024, International Funding
    Match 2021: P53 Isoforms In Childhood Cancers ( Co-Researcher)
  8. 2020 - 2022, MOSTI-International Collaboration Fund (ICF)
    Maspore-all 2020: Improving Risk Assignment And Treatment Outcome In Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia Through Precision Medicine And Immunotherapy ( Co-Researcher)
  9. 2019 - 2020, Partnership Grant
    Immune and Cellular Therapies for Childhood Cancers ( Co-Researcher)
  10. 2017 - 2019, Geran Penyelidikan Universiti Malaya (UMRG Programme) - HTM (Wellness)
    P53 Isoforms As New Therapeutic Target In Childhood Cancers ( Co-Researcher)
  11. 2017 - 2019, Geran Penyelidikan Universiti Malaya (UMRG Programme) - HTM (Wellness)
    Personalized Thiopurine Dosing In Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (all) Using Tpmt And Nudt15 Genotype Status ( Co-Researcher)

PAPER PRESENTED

INVITED SPEAKER
  1. Inflammaging and premature aging in children surviving childhood leukemia, 17th Malaysian Society of Haematology Scientific Meeting, Malaysian Society of Haematology (National) (10 Sep 2020 - 12 Sep 2020)
  2. Why should you consider postgraduate study?, Translational Core Laboratory Career Day 2019, Translational Core Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya (University) (25 Apr 2019 - 25 Apr 2019)
  3. Accelerated Cellular Ageing in Childhood Cancer Survivors, Faculty of Medicine Research Week: Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya (University) (10 Jul 2017 - 14 Jul 2017)
  4. Mechanism of Late Effects in Childhood Cancer Survivors, UM FOM 4th Science Cafes, Faculty of Medicine (University) (12 Apr 2016 - 12 Apr 2016)
ORAL PRESENTER
  1. Inflammatory plasma cytokines and metabolic syndrome in young adult survivors of childhood leukemia, 16th TNF Superfamily Meeting, TNF Superfamily  (International) (17 Apr 2017 - 20 Apr 2017)
POSTER PRESENTER
  1. Development of a Flow Cytometric Assay for Rapid Screening of Primary Haemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, 24th Annual Scientific Meeting, Malaysian Society of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology  (National) (03 Aug 2019 - 04 Aug 2019)
  2. Clinical Characteristics, Prognostic factors and Treatment outcome of Paediatric Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis:15-Year Experience at a Single Tertiary Center in Malaysia, 24th Annual Scientific Meeting, Malaysian Society of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology  (National) (03 Aug 2019 - 04 Aug 2019)
  3. Retinal Vessel Analysis: A Novel Screening Tool to Identify Childhood Cancer Survivors (CCS) with Risk of Cardiovascular Disease, 13th St. Jude-VIVA Forum in Paediatric Oncology, St. Jude-VIVA (International) (02 Mar 2019 - 03 Mar 2019)
  4. Exploring the relationship between GSTT1 and GSTM1 genotype status and hepatic veno-occlusive disease in Malaysian children following busulfan-based conditioning therapy for haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, 23rd Annual Scientific Meeting, Malaysian Society of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology (National) (04 Aug 2018 - 05 Aug 2018)
  5. Reduced physiologic reserve parallels cellular aging in asymptomatic childhood cancer survivors aged , 12th St. Jude-VIVA Forum in Paediatric Oncology, St. Jude-VIVA (International) (10 Mar 2018 - 11 Mar 2018)
  6. Role of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in Immunological Aging in Young Adult Survivors of Childhood Leukemia, Biology of Ageing Conference, Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR (International) (14 Nov 2017 - 16 Nov 2017)
  7. Inflammatory plasma cytokines and metabolic syndrome in young adult survivors of childhood leukemia, 16th TNF Superfamily Meeting, TNF Superfamily (International) (17 Apr 2017 - 20 Apr 2017)
  8. Cardiovascular ageing in childhood cancer survivors correlates with anthracycline and radiotherapy exposure, 11th St. Jude-VIVA Forum in Paediatric Oncology, St. Jude-VIVA (International) (04 Mar 2017 - 05 Mar 2017)
  9. Young adult survivors of childhood lekaemia demonstrate evidence of genomic instability, 10th St. Jude-VIVA Forum in Paediatric Oncology, St. Jude-VIVA (International) (05 Mar 2016 - 06 Mar 2016)
  10. Renal Late-effects in Long-term Survivors of Childhood Leukemia, 20th Annual Scientific Meeting, Malaysian Society of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology  (National) (05 Sep 2015 - 06 Sep 2015)
  11. Vascular Dysfunction in Young Adult Survivors of Childhood Leukemia is Associated with Immune Activation and Inflammation, 20th Annual Scientific Meeting, Malaysian Society of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology (National) (05 Sep 2015 - 06 Sep 2015)
  12. Genomic Instability in Survivors of Childhood Leukemia: A Precursor of Second Malignant Neoplasms?, 19th Annual Scientific Meeting, Malaysian Society of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology (National) (05 Sep 2015 - 06 Sep 2015)
  13. An Immune Phenotype of Aging in Young Adult Survivors of Childhood Leukemia (ALL), 14th International Conference on Long-term Complications of Treatment of Children and Adolescents for Cancer, St Jude Children's Research Hospital (International) (11 Jun 2015 - 13 Jun 2015)
  14. Survivors of Childhood Lymphoblastic Leukemia Show Evidence of Treatment-related Co-morbidities, 9th St. Jude-VIVA Forum in Paediatric Oncology, St. Jude-VIVA (International) (26 Mar 2015 - 29 Mar 2015)
PRESENTER
  1. A case study of a boy with primary immunodeficiency in UMMC, 23rd Annual Scientific Meeting, Malaysian Society of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology  (National) (04 Aug 2018 - 05 Aug 2018)

SUPERVISION

Under Graduate Students
  1. (2024) Optimisation of Chimerism Monitoring using Flow cytometry with Anti Human Leukocyte Antigen -A24 (HLA-A24) in Haploidentical Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (Universiti Kuala Lumpur)
  2. (2021) Industrial Training Report in Paediatric Oncology Research Laboratory, University Malaya Medical Centre (Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bio-Engineering Technology)
  3. (2021) Identification of non-coding RNA involved in glioblastoma tumour immune escape mechanism
Postgraduate Student
PhD/ Doctoral
  1. (2024) The effectiveness of a knowledge-based health promotion intervention on health risk behavior of Middle Eastern adolescents in Malaysia, HANAN HASAN HUSSEIN AL-HARONI
  2. (2024) MITIGATION OF ACCELERATED IMMUNOLOGIC AGEING IN CHILDHOOD CANCER SURVIVORS BY INCREASING NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE (NAD+) BIOAVAILABILITY FOR SIRTUIN 1 THROUGH CD38 CATALYTIC INHIBITION, AMIRAH NABILAH BINTI ABDULLAH @ ZAKARIA
  3. (2023) Mitigation Of Accelerated Immunologic Ageing In Childhood Cancer Survivors By Increasing Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) Bioavailability For Sirtuin 1 Through CD38 Catalytic Inhibition., CHENGEBROYEN NEEVASHINI
Master
  1. (2023) Prevalence of Bordetella Pertussis in Older Children with Respiratory Tract Infections, AINUN NADZURAH BINTI MD BAHAR
  2. (2022) Health Related Quality of Life of Donor and Non-Donor Parent in Living Donor Liver Transplant: Single Centre Experience in Malaysia, MOHD FAIZUL BIN AMER
  3. (2018) Abusive head trauma in infants: A single centre study of developmental outcome between 18 months and 5 years of age, Charles Lai Dekun
  4. (2017) Outcome Of Children With Transfusion Dependent Thalassemia Underwent Bone Marrow Transplantation, CHIEW XIN YEE
  5. (2017) A retrospective case-control study of inpatient healthcare service utilisation of children with congenital anomalies at a tertiary hospital, AVINDER KAUR A/P SOHAN SINGH
  6. (2016) Screen time among children with speech and/or language delay, See Jing Kai
  7. (2016) Efficacy of Protocol Directed Sedation With Comfort Behavior Scale in Critically Ill Children Requiring Mechanical Ventilation, LEE SOW CHENG